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Sandra has been informed by a pediatrician about the weight gained by her four-year-old son,Manuel,over the last one year.She learns that Manuel has gained six pounds.Sandra should:


A) be alarmed because this is too much weight gain.
B) be concerned because this is too little weight gain.
C) be positive and change Manuel's diet.
D) be content that this is normal for Manuel's age.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Three-year-old Ashley is putting together a jigsaw puzzle.As is typical of her age,she:


A) places the pieces awkwardly.
B) is focused and excels in the task.
C) cannot identify the correct sections.
D) is precise in joining the bits.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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A

The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage that lasts from approximately _____ years of age.


A) 1 to 3
B) 2 to 7
C) 4 to 10
D) 5 to 12

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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It is now accepted that autism is linked to:


A) genetic and brain abnormalities.
B) personality characteristics of the parents.
C) ineffective vaccination.
D) proximity to toxic waste disposal sites.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Aubrey is in a school that takes into account the typical development of children within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child.It also emphasizes the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect the child's interests and capabilities.This view represents a ________.

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developmen...

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Six-year-old Gina has a BMI at the 95th percentile.According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,she is:


A) obese.
B) overweight.
C) at risk for being overweight.
D) not at risk for being overweight.

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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Identify a common nutritional problem in early childhood that results from the failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables and causes chronic fatigue.

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Iron defic...

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Briefly state two criticisms leveled against Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development.

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One criticism of Vygotsky's theory is th...

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Vygotsky's view of the importance of _____ on children's development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.


A) autonomy
B) sociocultural influences
C) economic status of teachers
D) scaffolding

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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B

What are signs of vision problems in children?

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Children with vision problems rub their ...

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Define what Piaget meant by an operation.What would be one task that preoperational children fail at because they lack operations?

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An operation is a reversible mental acti...

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The second substage of preoperational thought,occurring between approximately four and seven years of age,is characterized by the use of:


A) reversible mental actions.
B) egocentric views.
C) primitive reasoning.
D) symbolic thought.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Who among the following five-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest?


A) Timothy-White boy,urban,middle-socioeconomic-status,and later-born
B) Tina-White girl,urban,middle-socioeconomic-status,and firstborn
C) Tyrone-African American boy,urban,middle-socioeconomic-status,and firstborn
D) Tucker-African American boy,rural,lower-socioeconomic-status,and later-born

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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Identify the factors that can influence the accuracy of a young child's memory.

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Several factors can influence the accura...

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Juan and his little sister,Anne,are each given a large cookie.Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily.Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one.Juan is showing a lack of:


A) constancy.
B) conservation.
C) intuition.
D) symbolic function.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?


A) Conservation requires centration.
B) Centration is due to lack of conservation.
C) Centration is reflected in lack of conservation.
D) Conservation is independent of centration.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Using rehearsal,we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period.In this context,rehearsal means:


A) preparing for a memory-span test.
B) doing mental exercises daily to keep the mind sharp.
C) repeating information after it has been presented.
D) taking regular memory-span tests.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Briefly describe the two stages of preoperational thought.Provide an example of children's thinking at each stage.

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The Piagetian preoperational stage in co...

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Four-year-old Ethan reasons that every time he sees a lightning bolt in the sky,angels are turning on their flashlights.Ethan's primitive reasoning about lightning is characteristic of:


A) symbolic function.
B) intuitive thought.
C) egocentrism.
D) centration.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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In short-term memory,individuals retain information for up to _____ if there is no rehearsal of the information.


A) 30 seconds
B) 15 minutes
C) 5 hours
D) 2 days

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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A

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