Question 1

Lewin's idea that behavior is caused at the moment of its occurrence by all the influences that are present in the individual at that moment is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

contempora...

Question 2

George Kelly states that the unique set of personal constructs that each person has

Accepted Answer

A)   is what makes each person a unique individual.
B)   is not affected by the person's cultural environment.
C)   is set at adolescence, and then does not change.
D)   changes completely across situations, so there is no consistency to an individual's constructs.
E)   is genetically determined.F) A) and C)
G) A) and D)

Question 3

When a person reduces anxiety and actually improves performance in a risky situation by anticipating a poorer outcome, this is called __________.

Accepted Answer

defensive pessimism

Question 4

Bandura felt that traditional behaviorism requires that ________ for learning to occur.

Accepted Answer

A)   the organism be placed in an environmental chamber
B)   the response be reinforced in some way during learning
C)   intentional memory be properly utilized
D)   behaviors be modeled by admired others
E)   the desired behavior be verbally explained to the learnerF) C) and E)
G) A) and D)

Question 5

How might the concept of vicarious or observational learning be reconciled with a behaviorist approach to learning?

Accepted Answer

Vicarious or observational learning can ...

Question 6

Learning without performing the behavior itself and without being directly rewarded or punished for the behavior is called __________.

Accepted Answer

observational learni...

Question 7

__________ style refers to a set of cognitive personality variables that capture a person's habitual means of interpreting events in his or her life.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ style refers to a set of...

Question 8

Jean Piaget developed a theory to explain children's cognitive development. This theory was called

Accepted Answer

A)   somatic theory.
B)   ego-development theory.
C)   schema theory.
D)   cognitive levels theory.
E)   categorization theory.F) A) and B)
G) All of the above

Question 9

An assessment instrument devised by George Kelly, the __________ allows the person's own understanding of personality to emerge through the process of ranking traits and making comparisons.

Accepted Answer

Role Const...

Question 10

Individuals have different __________ styles, that is, distinctive and enduring styles they use to deal with their everyday tasks of perception, problem solving, and decision-making.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Individuals have different __________ styles, that is,...

Question 11

Individuals with an optimistic explanatory style

Accepted Answer

A)   often see neutral events as positive, and find the "silver lining" in bad situations.
B)   tend to focus on the negative side so that they will be pleasantly surprised.
C)   always perceive everything as positive.
D)   look at things very objectively and don't allow personal feelings to influence them.
E)   explain things optimistically to others even though they don't believe it themselves.F) A) and D)
G) A) and E)

Question 12

Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to be

Accepted Answer

A)   high achievers.
B)   low achievers.
C)   achievement-oriented and low achievers.
D)   achievement-oriented and high achievers.
E)   achievement-oriented.F) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

Question 13

Which one of the following explanations best describes field dependency in terms of its relation to personality?

Accepted Answer

A)   Field dependent and independent people use different sides of their brains to make decisions, thus have polar opposite personalities.
B)   Field dependent and independent people have similar personalities in almost all aspects.
C)   Field dependent and independent people solve problems differently, making the study of field dependence an objective measure in individual differences.
D)   Field independent people tend to be more sensitive to the context of the situation while field dependent people tend to be more analytical.
E)   Field dependency is not relevant to personality, but only to individual differences in problem solving abilities.F) A) and B)
G) C) and D) C

Question 14

"Life space" according to Lewin is defined as

Accepted Answer

A)   all internal and external forces that act on an individual.
B)   the geographical location and historical time period of an individual's life.
C)   the psychological separation needed by each person from the demands of their surrounding environment.
D)   the foundation of behaviorist theory.
E)   a theory designed to help people cope with the unconscious forces that control his or her life.F) A) and D)
G) C) and D)

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of Rotter's six psychological needs?

Accepted Answer

A)   Independence
B)   Love and affection
C)   Openness to new experiences
D)   Recognition-status
E)   Physical comfortF) A) and E)
G) C) and D)

Question 16

The word "gestalt" means

Accepted Answer

A)   pattern or configuration.
B)   idea or concept.
C)   complete sum.
D)   puzzle piece.
E)   cognition or thought.F) All of the above
G) A) and E)

Question 17

__________ developed the personal construct theory; his fundamental postulate is that "a person's processes are psychologically channeled by the ways in which he anticipates events."

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ developed the personal construct theory; his...

Question 18

Which of the following is the most important in influencing self-efficacy?

Accepted Answer

A)   Emotional reaction
B)   Verbal persuasion
C)   Our own performance experiences
D)   Vicarious experiencesE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 19

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences states that everyone has at least __________ different intelligences.

Accepted Answer

A)   7
B)   2
C)   4
D)   16
E)   5F) A) and E)
G) A) and C)

Question 20

Which of the following possible answers best describes the difference between internal locus of control and external locus of control?

Accepted Answer

A)   People with an internal locus of control place responsibility within themselves; people with an external locus of control place responsibility outside of themselves.
B)   People with an internal locus of control place responsibility outside of themselves; people with an external locus of control place responsibility within themselves.
C)   People with an internal locus of control and people with external locus of control both place responsibility within the context of the situation as objectively as possible.
D)   People with an external locus of control feel a great need to exert control over other people; people with an internal locus of control are more passive.
E)   People with an internal locus of control feel that they are always at the mercy of unpredictable forces; people with an external locus of control are confident that they can influence the events in their lives.F) All of the above
G) C) and D) A

Exam 7: Cognitive and Social Cognitive Aspects of Personality

Lewin's idea that behavior is caused at the moment of its occurrence by all the influences that are present in the individual at that moment is known as __________.

Correct Answerverifiedcontempora...View AnswerShow Answer

George Kelly states that the unique set of personal constructs that each person has

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When a person reduces anxiety and actually improves performance in a risky situation by anticipating a poorer outcome, this is called __________.

Correct Answerverifieddefensive pessimism

Bandura felt that traditional behaviorism requires that ________ for learning to occur.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How might the concept of vicarious or observational learning be reconciled with a behaviorist approach to learning?

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIVicarious or observational learning can ...View AnswerShow Answer

Learning without performing the behavior itself and without being directly rewarded or punished for the behavior is called __________.

Correct Answerverifiedobservational learni...View AnswerShow Answer

__________ style refers to a set of cognitive personality variables that capture a person's habitual means of interpreting events in his or her life.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jean Piaget developed a theory to explain children's cognitive development. This theory was called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An assessment instrument devised by George Kelly, the __________ allows the person's own understanding of personality to emerge through the process of ranking traits and making comparisons.

Correct AnswerverifiedRole Const...View AnswerShow Answer

Individuals have different __________ styles, that is, distinctive and enduring styles they use to deal with their everyday tasks of perception, problem solving, and decision-making.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Individuals with an optimistic explanatory style

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to be

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of the following explanations best describes field dependency in terms of its relation to personality?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

"Life space" according to Lewin is defined as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT one of Rotter's six psychological needs?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The word "gestalt" means

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

__________ developed the personal construct theory; his fundamental postulate is that "a person's processes are psychologically channeled by the ways in which he anticipates events."

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is the most important in influencing self-efficacy?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences states that everyone has at least __________ different intelligences.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following possible answers best describes the difference between internal locus of control and external locus of control?

Correct AnswerverifiedA

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contempora...
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defensive pessimism

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observational learni...
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Role Const...
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