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A test that measures consistently over time has a high


A) test-retest coefficient.
B) internal consistency.
C) face validity.
D) internal validity.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following is not true about a good theory?


A) It uses as few concepts as necessary to explain a phenomenon.
B) It can generate many testable hypotheses.
C) It is never proved or disproved.
D) All experts agree it is correct.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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Which of the following describes the relationship between your credit card balance each month and the amount of interest you are paying (not interest rate) ?


A) A perfect negative correlation
B) A weak negative correlation
C) No correlation
D) A strong positive correlation

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Describe a test or measure that is low in reliability. How can you know that it has poor reliability? Would a correlation coefficient for reliability be closer to 1.00 or -1.00 for this test? List some reasons why personality tests can be low in reliability.

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A test or measure that is low in reliabi...

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Jessica is conducting a study of the personality of eighth-graders with high achievement motivation. She discovers from statistical analysis that her test's items are measuring more than one concept. You might tell Jessica that she has a problem with


A) internal consistency.
B) reliability.
C) statistical significance.
D) predictive validity.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Personality researchers take steps to discover the nature of personality in which order?


A) Generate hypotheses, evaluate data, speculate
B) Generate hypotheses, collect data, evaluate data
C) Collect data, evaluate data, speculate
D) Speculate, collect data, generate hypotheses

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Which of the following is correct about interpreting the results of statistical tests?


A) Obtaining a probability value of .05 tells us the difference between groups is definitely not caused by chance fluctuation.
B) If a probability value falls above .05, then the results will have to be replicated before we can have confidence in them.
C) Obtaining a probability value of .05 gives us confidence that the findings are not the result of chance, but does not eliminate this possibility.
D) A .05 probability value means there is a 5 percent chance the finding reflects a real difference.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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A researcher uses a manipulated independent variable in her experiment. This means she


A) conducts her research in a laboratory.
B) uses comparison groups.
C) makes her prediction before conducting the study.
D) randomly assigns participants to conditions.

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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The use of nonmanipulated variables is required when an independent variable exists without the experimenter's intervention.

A) True
B) False

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Most personality research begins with an assessment.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following is true about replication in experimental research?


A) We often use different experimental methods to reach different conclusions.
B) We deal with the problem of prediction versus hindsight by replicating the results of original research.
C) We often use participant populations different from those used in the original research.
D) We tend to explain effect after the data are in.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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When a theory is described as parsimonious,it means that the theory


A) has stimulated a great deal of research.
B) uses only those constructs necessary to explain the phenomenon.
C) was derived from past research data.
D) is not capable of generating testable hypotheses.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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A psychologist gives several personality tests to a group of participants.When sifting through her data,she is surprised to find that people born in the summer have a slightly higher (but statistically significant) need for Achievement than those born in the winter.She concludes that exposing children to the stimulation of the outdoors during the first few months of life (as the summer-born children were) results in a higher need for Achievement when the children become adults.What might we conclude from this?


A) The hypothesis needs to be tested with a controlled lab study.
B) The hypothesis has not been tested because the researcher explained the findings after seeing the results.
C) The hypothesis is supported with these data, but probably should be replicated to see if it generalizes to other samples.
D) The hypothesis is useless because it cannot be tested.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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A researcher finds that men make more errors on a memory task than do women. After conducting the appropriate statistical test on this difference,he finds a probability level of less than .05.The researcher will probably conclude that


A) the difference represents a chance fluctuation.
B) the difference is statistically significant.
C) if he conducts the study again, there is a high probability that no difference would be found or that women would make more errors.
D) there is only a five in 100 chance that his finding represents a real difference between men and women.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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An investigator divides participants into those who went to college and those who did not. After testing each participant,she finds that those who went to college know more about current news events than those who did not go.She concludes that going to college causes people to become more interested in news events.What issue should this researcher have considered before drawing this conclusion?


A) The "file drawer" problem
B) Manipulated versus nonmanipulated variables
C) Prediction versus hindsight
D) The need for replication

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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A test is said to have good validity if there is good evidence that


A) all the test items are measuring the same thing.
B) it has been used previously by many different researchers.
C) test scores are relatively stable over time.
D) the test measures what it was designed to measure.

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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Which of the following statements is correct about hypothetical constructs?


A) They are useful inventions by researchers that have no physical reality.
B) They are easier to measure than personality variables.
C) They cannot be measured with personality tests.
D) They have poor reliability and validity.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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The correlation coefficient is an appropriate statistic when we want to understand the relationship between two measures.

A) True
B) False

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State in general terms a psychological theory you know about. From the theory,develop a hypothesis of your own that is a prediction from the theory. Identify the independent and dependent variables in your hypothesis and briefly describe an experimental test you could use to evaluate your hypothesis. Does your study use manipulated or nonmanipulated independent variables?

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A subject variable,which is a characteristic of research participants,is also known as


A) a hypothesis.
B) a manipulated independent variable.
C) a nonmanipulated independent variable.
D) a personality assessment.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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