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Exam 14: Personality

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Question 41

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Whereas Sigmund Freud maintained that human behaviour is directed by _______________, Carl Rogers asserted that people's actions are determined by ______________.

A) unconscious forces; mental images of significant caregivers
B) the collective unconscious and archetypes; our current experience of self and environment
C) mental images of significant caregivers; the collective unconscious and archetypes
D) unconscious forces; our current experience of self and environment

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Question 42

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Carl Rogers would most likely claim that well-adjusted individuals respond to the threat created by experiences that are inconsistent with the self by ________.

A) modifying their self-concept so that it is consistent with experience
B) altering the experience so that it is consistent with their self-concept
C) increasing their conditions of worth
D) realizing their total potential

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Question 43

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Which of the following provides the best definition of the concept of reciprocal determinism?

Believing he is at the mercy of fate, Ogden is careful to read his horoscope every morning before he leaves for work. When he sees someone else's good fortune he wonders why that person is luckier than he is and is often frustrated by how helpless he feels to change things he doesn't like. Ogden has a/an

Sigmund Freud specifically used the techniques of free association and dream analysis to increase the ego strength of his patients.

Within any given culture, specific information about gender-role socialization informs us about the appropriate attributes and behaviours of men and women. These are referred to as

How well a test actually measures the personality variable it is designed to measure is referred to by the term _________________.

Many people strive to be the best that they can be and to realize their full potential. In terms of the humanistic approach to personality, this would be considered

You are observing the overall arousal level in an individual's cortex. It seems to be the case that this person is underaroused-the overall level is way below optimum. According to Eysenck's approach to personality traits and biological factors, this person is likely to be

Bobbi's father was always busy while she was growing up and rarely spent time with her. Bobbi remembers wondering why her father did not love her and thinking that maybe if she went out of her way to do nice things for him he would notice her. She enters therapy because she repeatedly chooses partners who ignore her needs or treat her with disdain, no matter how nice she is to them. Bobbi's therapist points out to Bobbi that she is dating only men who treat her the way her father did, maybe because she hopes they will love her in a way her father never seemed to. To make these interpretations, Bobbi's therapist is relying on

What are some strengths of the social cognitive approach to personality?

According to the text, two common observations that give rise to the concept of "personality" are ________.

How did Carl Rogers attempt to assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

Though his original theory of personality has been and continues to be criticized, Freud's ideas served to inspire the work of other personality theorists who have made significant contributions to the field. In this sense, Freud's theory could be considered "useful" because it

Psychoanalysts generally agree that the primary defence mechanism utilized by the ego to control the anxiety-generating urges created by the id is ______________.

According to Roger's humanistic theory, we all strive to be the best that we can be. We try to achieve self-actualization. An individual who has achieved this level can be described as

Which of the following is a factor that that makes it difficult to accurately predict behaviours from personality traits?

Rogers's notion of self-enhancement refers to people's need to ________.

Bob thinks that he is a good tennis player and his results support this belief. He is better than almost all of the people in his tennis club and he wins most of his tennis matches. This agreement between Bob's beliefs and his actual experience would best be considered as an example of Carl Rogers's concept of

Jesse has had a long-term phobia of heights. After working with a therapist, he is finally able to stand on the edge of a high overpass for the first time in his life, primarily because he no longer feels the anxiety and fear that he used to experience during times like these. This example best demonstrates how ______________ can enhance feelings of self-efficacy.