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The commercial and industrial growth in the United States prior to 1860 resulted in


A) increasing disparities in income between the rich and poor.
B) a significant rise in income for nearly all Americans.
C) decreasing disparities in income between the rich and poor.
D) a significant decrease in income for nearly all Americans.
E) None of these answers is correct.

F) A) and B)
G) All of the above

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Many of the free blacks in the North were people who had been skilled crafts workers as slaves and who bought or were given their freedom.

A) True
B) False

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In the 1820s and 1830s, railroads


A) played a relatively small role in the nation's transportation system.
B) standardized both the gauge of tracks and timetables.
C) saw their greatest development in the southern slave states.
D) became the dominant form of transportation in the nation.
E) had not yet been constructed in America.

F) C) and E)
G) B) and C)

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Between 1840 and 1860, the overwhelming majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States came from


A) Italy and Russia.
B) Ireland and Germany.
C) England and Russia.
D) England and Ireland.
E) Ireland and Italy.

F) A) and E)
G) B) and C)

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In the 1830s, limited liability laws were developed in the United States, which


A) protected the stockholders' full investment in a company.
B) restricted the amount of capital a corporation could possess.
C) prevented a corporation from being dominated by a small group of stockholders.
D) protected corporations from liability lawsuits.
E) meant stockholders could not be charged with losses greater than their investment.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and D)

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For most American farmers, the 1840s and 1850s were a period of


A) economic decline, as more people moved to urban centers.
B) rising prosperity, due to increased world demand for farm products.
C) extreme economic highs and lows brought on by volatile changes in demand.
D) economic growth in the West but decline in the East.
E) increasing economic connections between the North and South.

F) B) and E)
G) None of the above

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The primary assistance from the federal government to railroad companies came in the form of ________.

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After 1852, the "Know-Nothings" created a new political organization called the


A) Copperheads.
B) Republican Party.
C) Nativist Party.
D) Libertarian Party.
E) American Party.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

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Given the rapid increase in population, recruiting a labor force was a fairly easy task in the early years of the American factory system.

A) True
B) False

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During the 1840s, advances in journalism included all of the following EXCEPT the


A) creation of a national cooperative news-gathering organization.
B) technological means to reproduce photographs in newsprint.
C) invention of the steam cylinder rotary press.
D) introduction of the telegraph system.
E) dramatic growth of mass-circulation newspapers.

F) B) and C)
G) D) and E)

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Prior to 1860, class conflict in the United States


A) increased as most of the working class dropped down the economic ladder.
B) increased as the size of the middle class decreased.
C) was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class.
D) decreased as immigration diversified society.
E) increased as a result of geographical mobility.

F) A) and B)
G) None of the above

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The recruitment of young women to work and live in a factory setting was called the ________ or Waltham system.

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Prior to 1860, hostility among native-born Americans toward immigrants was spurred, in part, by


A) the refusal by immigrants to adapt to American culture.
B) fears of political radicalism.
C) the ability of immigrants to command high wages.
D) concerns that immigrants generally did not participate in politics.
E) the effect they had on the falling price of African slaves.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and C)

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How did American leisure time and activities during the 1830s and 1840s compare with leisure during the 1810s and 1820s?

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During the 1830s and 1840s, American lei...

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Virtually all of the early craft unions excluded women, even though female workers were numerous in almost every industry.

A) True
B) False

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The first railroad company actually to begin operations was the ________.

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Prior to 1860, perhaps the most significant invention for middle-class American homes was the


A) cast-iron stove.
B) air conditioner.
C) icebox.
D) electric iron.
E) telegraph.

F) B) and D)
G) None of the above

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For most nineteenth-century urban Americans, leisure activities grew more varied.

A) True
B) False

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In most parts of the North, before the Civil War, free blacks could


A) vote.
B) attend public schools.
C) use public services available to whites.
D) compete for menial jobs.
E) All these answers are correct.

F) B) and E)
G) All of the above

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Why did railroads become the key American industry in the nineteenth century?

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Railroads became the key American indust...

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